Harlem is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is bounded roughly by Frederick Douglass Boulevard, St. Nicholas Avenue, and Morningside Park on the west; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north; Fifth Avenue on the east; and Central Park North on the south. The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west to the Hudson River, north to 155th Street, east to the East River, and south to Martin Luther King, Jr., Boulevard, Central Park, and East 96th Street.
Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658,[4] it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, with significant population shifts accompanying each cycle.[5] Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century, but African-American residents began to arrive in large numbers during the Great Migration in the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the center of the Harlem Renaissance, a major African-American cultural movement. With job losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly.[6] In the 21st century, crime rates decreased significantly, and Harlem started to gentrify.
Central Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 10.[1] It is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The greater Harlem area also includes Manhattan Community Districts 9 and 11, and several additional police precincts. Fire services are provided by four New York City Fire Department companies. Politically, Harlem is represented by the New York City Councils 7th, 8th, and 9th districts. The area is served by the New York City Subway and local bus routes. It contains several public elementary, middle, and high schools, and is close to several colleges including Columbia University and the City College of New York.
Contents
1Geography
1.1SoHa controversy
1.2Political representation
2History
3Culture
3.1Religious life
3.2Landmarks
3.2.1Officially designated landmarks
3.2.2Other points of interest
4Demographics
4.1Central Harlem
4.2Other sections
5Police and crime
5.1Crime trends
5.2Gangs
6Fire safety
7Health
7.1Social factors
7.2Health problems
7.2.1Health and housing conditions
7.2.2Asthma
7.2.3Other health problems
8Post offices and ZIP Codes
9Education
9.1Schools
9.2Higher education
9.3Libraries
10Transportation
10.1Bridges
10.2Public transportation
10.2.1Subway
10.2.2Bus
11See also
12References
13Further reading
14External links
Geography
Map of Upper Manhattan, with Greater Harlem highlighted. Harlem proper is the neighborhood in the center.
Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. The three neighborhoods comprising the greater Harlem area stretch from the Harlem River and East River to the east, to the Hudson River to the west; and between 155th Street in the north, where it meets Washington Heights, and an uneven boundary along the south that runs along 96th Street east of Fifth Avenue, 110th Street between Fifth Avenue to Morningside Park, and 125th Street west of Morningside Park to the Hudson River.[7][8][9] These boundaries are also cited by Encyclopædia Britannica,[10] though the Encyclopedia of New York City takes a much more conservative view of Harlems boundaries, only regarding central Harlem as part of Harlem proper.[11]:573
Central Harlem is the name of Harlem proper, and it falls under Manhattan Community District 10.[7] This section is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east; Central Park on the south; Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west; and the Harlem River on the north.[7] A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks and form most of the districts western boundary. Fifth Avenue, as well as Marcus Garvey Park (also known as Mount Morris Park), separate this area from East Harlem to the east.[7] Central Harlem includes the Mount Morris Park Historic District.
West Harlem is composed of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights, which collectively comprise Manhattan Community District 9 and are not part of Harlem proper. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway/110th Street on the south; 155th Street on the north; Manhattan/Morningside Ave/St. Nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecombe Avenues on the east; and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northernmost section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights.[8]
East Harlem, also called Spanish Harlem or El Barrio, is located within Manhattan Community District 11, which is bounded by East 96th Street on the south, East 138th Street on the north, Fifth Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the east. It is not part of Harlem proper.[9]
SoHa controversy
Further information: Morningside Heights, Manhattan § SoHa controversy
In the 2010s, some real estate professionals started rebranding south Harlem and Morningside Heights as "SoHa" (a name standing for "South Harlem" in the style of SoHo or NoHo) in an attempt to accelerate gentrification of the neighborhoods. "SoHa", applied to the area between West 110th and 125th Streets, has become a controversial name.[12][13][14] Residents and other critics seeking to prevent this renaming of the area have labelled the SoHa brand as "insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok"[15] and have said that, "the rebranding not only places their neighborhoods rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants, including students from nearby Columbia University."[16]
Multiple New York City politicians have initiated legislative efforts to curtail this practice of neighborhood rebranding, which when successfully introduced in other New York City neighborhoods, have led to increases in rents and real estate values, as well as "shifting demographics".[16] In 2011, U.S. Representative Hakeem Jeffries attempted but failed to implement legislation "that would punish real estate agents for inventing false neighborhoods and redrawing neighborhood boundaries without city approval."[16] By 2017, New York State Senator Brian Benjamin also worked to render illegal the practice of rebranding historically recognized neighborhoods.[16]
Political representation
Politically, central Harlem is in New Yorks 13th congressional district.[17][18] It is in the New York State Senates 30th district,[19][20] the New York State Assemblys 68th and 70th districts,[21][22] and the New York City Councils 7th, 8th, and 9th districts.[23]
History
Harlem, from the old fort in the Central Park, New York Public Library
Three Harlem Women, ca. 1925
Main article: History of Harlem
Before the arrival of European settlers, the area that would become Harlem (originally Haarlem) was inhabited by the Manhattans, a native tribe, who along with other Native Americans, most likely Lenape,[24] occupied the area on a semi-nomadic basis. As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands.[25] Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established.[26][27] The settlement of Harlem was formally incorporated in 1660[28] under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant.[29] During the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground.[30] It took a long time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century.[31] After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868. The neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian.[32] The New York and Harlem Railroad,[33] as well as the Interborough Rapid Transit and elevated railway lines,[34] helped Harlems economic growth, as they connected Harlem to lower and midtown Manhattan.
Rowhouse built for the African-American population of Harlem in the 1930s
A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s
The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased, while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time.[35] The early-20th century Great Migration of blacks to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind the Jim Crow South, seek better jobs and education for their children, and escape a culture of lynching violence; during World War I, expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs, thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men.[36] In 1910, Central Harlem was about 10% black. By 1930, it had reached 70%.[37] Starting around the time of the end of World War I, Harlem became associated with the New Negro movement, and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance, which extended to poetry, novels, theater, and the visual arts. So many blacks came that it "threaten[ed] the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Alabama."[38] Many settled in Harlem. By 1920, central Harlem was 32.43% black. The 1930 census revealed that 70.18% of central Harlems residents were black and lived as far south as Central Park, at 110th Street.[39]
However, by the 1930s, the neighborhood was hit hard by job losses in the Great Depression. In the early 1930s, 25% of Harlemites were out of work, and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed bad for decades. Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses, including domestic service and some types of manual labor, were taken over by other ethnic groups. Major industries left New York City altogether, especially after 1950. Several riots happened in this period, including in 1935 and 1943.
There were major changes following World War II. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Harlem was the scene of a series of rent strikes by neighborhood tenants, led by local activist Jesse Gray, together with the Congress of Racial Equality, Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), and other groups. These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code, to take action against rats and roaches, to provide heat during the winter, and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations.[40] The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing, with the largest concentration built in East Harlem.[41] Typically, existing structures were torn down and replaced with city-designed and managed properties that would, in theory, present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords. Ultimately, community objections halted the construction of new projects.[42] From the mid-20th century, the low quality of education in Harlem has been a source of distress. In the 1960s, about 75% of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills, and 80% tested under grade level in math.[43] In 1964, residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem. In central Harlem, 92% of students stayed home.[44] In the post-World War II era, Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the citys blacks,[45] but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York, and possibly black America.[46][47]
By the 1970s, many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of better schools and homes, and safer streets. Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled, with the fewest opportunities for success. Though the federal governments Model Cities Program spent $100 million on job training, health care, education, public safety, sanitation, housing, and other projects over a ten-year period, Harlem showed no improvement.[48] The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985. This was intended to improve the community by placing property in the hands of people who would live in them and maintain them. In many cases, the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it (by lottery) below market value.[49]
After the 1990s, Harlem began to grow again. Between 1990 and 2006 the neighborhoods population grew by 16.9%, with the percentage of blacks decreasing from 87.6% to 69.3%,[39] then dropping to 54.4% by 2010,[50] and the percentage of whites increasing from 1.5% to 6.6% by 2006,[39] and to "almost 10%" by 2010.[50] A renovation of 125th Street and new properties along the thoroughfare[51][52] also helped to revitalize Harlem.[53]
Culture
See also: Harlem Renaissance
Welcome to Harlem sign above the now defunct Victoria 5 cinema theater on 125th st
In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem was the focus of the "Harlem Renaissance", an outpouring of artistic work without precedent in the American Black community. Though Harlem musicians and writers are particularly well remembered, the community has also hosted numerous actors and theater companies, including the New Heritage Repertory Theater,[29] National Black Theater, Lafayette Players, Harlem Suitcase Theater, The Negro Playwrights, American Negro Theater, and the Rose McClendon Players.[54]
The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in November 2006
The Apollo Theater opened on 125th Street on January 26, 1934, in a former burlesque house. The Savoy Ballroom, on Lenox Avenue, was a renowned venue for swing dancing, and was immortalized in a popular song of the era, "Stompin At The Savoy". In the 1920s and 1930s, between Lenox and Seventh Avenues in central Harlem, over 125 entertainment venues were in operation, including speakeasies, cellars, lounges, cafes, taverns, supper clubs, rib joints, theaters, dance halls, and bars and grills.[55] 133rd Street, known as "Swing Street", became known for its cabarets, speakeasies and jazz scene during the Prohibition era, and was dubbed "Jungle Alley" because of "inter-racial mingling" on the street.[56][57] Some jazz venues, including the Cotton Club, where Duke Ellington played, and Connies Inn, were restricted to whites only. Others were integrated, including the Renaissance Ballroom and the Savoy Ballroom.
In 1936, Orson Welles produced his black Macbeth at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem.[58] Grand theaters from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were torn down or converted to churches. Harlem lacked any permanent performance space until the creation of the Gatehouse Theater in an old Croton aqueduct building on 135th Street in 2006.[59]
Spiritual African Drummer on 135th Street between Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard and Frederick Douglass Boulevard
From 1965 until 2007, the community was home to the Harlem Boys Choir, a touring choir and education program for young boys, most of whom are black.[60] The Girls Choir of Harlem was founded in 1989, and closed with the Boys Choir.[61]
Harlem is also home to the largest African American Day Parade, which celebrates the culture of African diaspora in America. The parade was started up in the spring of 1969 with Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. as the Grand Marshal of the first celebration.[62]
Arthur Mitchell, a former dancer with the New York City Ballet, established Dance Theatre of Harlem as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s. The company has toured nationally and internationally. Generations of theater artists have gotten a start at the school.
Manhattans contributions to hip-hop stems largely from artists with Harlem roots such as Big L, Kurtis Blow, The Diplomats, Mase or Immortal Technique. Harlem is also the birthplace of popular hip-hop dances such as the Harlem shake, toe wop, and Chicken Noodle Soup.
Harlem is currently experiencing a gourmet renaissance, with new dining hotspots popping up uptown around Frederick Douglass Boulevard.[63] At the same time, some residents are fighting back against the powerful waves of gentrification the neighborhood is experiencing. On October 17, 2013, residents staged a sidewalk sit-in to protest a five-days-a-week farmers market that would shut down Macombs Place at 150th Street.[64]
In the 1920s, African American pianists who lived in Harlem invented their own style of jazz piano, called stride, which was heavily influenced by ragtime. This style played a very important role in early jazz piano[65][66]
Religious life
St. Andrews Episcopal Church
Religious life has historically had a strong presence in Black Harlem. The area is home to over 400 churches,[67] some of which are official city or national landmarks.[68][69] Major Christian denominations include Baptists, Pentecostals, Methodists (generally African Methodist Episcopalian, or "AME"), Episcopalians, and Roman Catholic. The Abyssinian Baptist Church has long been influential because of its large congregation. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built a chapel on 128th Street in 2005.
Many of the areas churches are "storefront churches", which operate in an empty store, or a basement, or a converted brownstone townhouse. These congregations may have fewer than 30–50 members each, but there are hundreds of them.[70] Others are old, large, and designated landmarks. Especially in the years before World War II, Harlem produced popular Christian charismatic "cult" leaders, including George Wilson Becton and Father Divine.[71] Mosques in Harlem include the Masjid Malcolm Shabazz (formerly Mosque No. 7 Nation of Islam, and the location of the 1972 Harlem mosque incident), the Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood and Masjid Aqsa. Judaism, too, maintains a presence in Harlem through the Old Broadway Synagogue. A non-mainstream synagogue of Black Hebrews, known as Commandment Keepers, was based in a synagogue at 1 West 123rd Street until 2008.
Landmarks
St Martins Episcopal Church, at Lenox Avenue and 122nd Street
Hotel Theresa building at the corner of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and 125th Street
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building, at the same intersection as the Hotel Theresa
Officially designated landmarks
Many places in Harlem are official city landmarks labeled by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
12 West 129th Street, a New York City landmark[72]
17 East 128th Street, a New York City landmark[73]
369th Regiment Armory, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[74][69]
Abyssinian Baptist Church, a New York City landmark[75]
Apollo Theater, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[76][69]
Astor Row, a set of New York City landmark houses[68]:207
Blockhouse No. 1, Fort Clinton, and Nutters Battery, part of Central Park, a New York City scenic landmark and NRHP-listed site[77][69]
Central Harlem West–130–132nd Streets Historic District, a New York City landmark[78]
Dunbar Apartments, a New York City landmark[79]
Graham Court Apartments, a New York City landmark[80]
Hamilton Grange, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[81]
Harlem River Houses, a New York City landmark[82]
Harlem YMCA, a New York City landmark[83]
Hotel Theresa, a New York City landmark[84]
Jackie Robinson YMCA Youth Center, a New York City landmark[85]
Langston Hughes House, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[86][69]
Macombs Dam Bridge and 155th Street Viaduct, a New York City landmark[87]
Manhattan Avenue-West 120th-123rd Streets Historic District, a NRHP historic district[69]
Metropolitan Baptist Church, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[88][69]
Mintons Playhouse, a NRHP-listed site[69]
Morningside Park, a New York City scenic landmark[89]
Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, a New York City landmark[90]
Mount Morris Park Historic District, a New York City landmark district[91]
Mount Olive Fire Baptized Holiness Church, a New York City landmark[92]
New York Public Library 115th Street Branch, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[93][69]
Regent Theatre, a New York City landmark[94]
Schomburg Collection for Research in Black Culture, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[95][69]
St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church, a New York City landmark[96]
St. Andrews Church, a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site[97][69]
St. Philips Protestant Episcopal Church, a New York City landmark[98]
St. Martins Episcopal Church (formerly Trinity Church), a New York City landmark[99]
St. Nicholas Historic District, a New York City landmark district[100]
St. Pauls German Evangelical Lutheran Church, a New York City landmark[101]
Wadleigh High School for Girls, a New York City landmark[102]
Washington Apartments, a New York City landmark[103]
Other points of interest
Other prominent points of interest include:
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building
All Saints Church
ATLAH World Missionary Church
Bushman Steps, stairway that led baseball fans from the subway to The Polo Grounds ticket booth.[104]
Cotton Club
Duke Ellington Circle
Frederick Douglass Circle
Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts
Harlem Childrens Zone
Harlem Hospital Center
The Harlem School of the Arts
Lenox Lounge
Marcus Garvey Park
Harlem Fire Watchtower
Morningside Park
National Black Theatre
New York College of Podiatric Medicine
Rucker Park
Savoy Ballroom
St. Nicholas Houses
Studio Museum in Harlem
Sylvias Soul Food
New York Amsterdam News
Demographics
The demographics of Harlems communities have changed throughout its history. In 1910, 10% of Harlems population was black but by 1930, they had become a 70% majority.[6] The period between 1910 and 1930 marks a huge point in the great migration of African Americans from the South to New York. This point also marks an influx from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods where blacks were feeling less welcome, to the Harlem area.[6] The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950, with a 98% share of the population (population 233,000). As of 2000, central Harlems black population comprised 77% of the total population of that area; however, the black population is declining as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in.[105]
Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice the citywide average, as well as high poverty rates.[106] and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women. Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful. During the Great Depression, unemployment in Harlem went past 20% and people were being evicted from their homes.[107] At the same time, the federal government developed and instituted the redlining policy. This policy rated neighborhoods, such as Central Harlem, as unappealing based on the race, ethnicity, and national origins of the residents.[2] Central Harlem was deemed hazardous and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments.[2] Comparably, wealthy and white residents in New York city neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications.[2] Overall, they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions.
In the 1960s, uneducated blacks could find jobs more easily than educated ones could, confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education.[2] Land owners took advantage of the neighborhood and offered apartments to the lower-class families for cheaper rent but in lower-class conditions.[108] By 1999 there were 179,000 housing units available in Harlem.[109] Housing activists in Harlem state that, even after residents were given vouchers for the Section 8 housing that was being placed, many were not able to live there and had to find homes elsewhere or become homeless.[109] These policies are examples of societal racism, also known as structural racism. As public health leaders have named structural racism as a key social determinant of health disparities between racial and ethnic minorities,[110] these 20th century policies have contributed to the current population health disparities between Central Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods.[2]
Central Harlem
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South, divided by 126th street.[111] Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Central Harlem was 118,665, a change of 9,574 (8.1%) from the 109,091 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 926.05 acres (374.76 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 128.1 inhabitants per acre (82,000/sq mi; 31,700/km2).[112] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9.5% (11,322) White, 63% (74,735) African American, 0.3% (367) Native American, 2.4% (2,839) Asian, 0% (46) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (372) from other races, and 2.2% (2,651) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.2% (26,333) of the population. Harlems Black population was more concentrated in Central Harlem North, and its White population more concentrated in Central Harlem South, while the Hispanic / Latino population was evenly split.[113]
The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White populations increase by 402% (9,067), the Hispanic / Latino populations increase by 43% (7,982), and the Black populations decrease by 11% (9,544). While the growth of the Hispanic / Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North, the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South, and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas. Meanwhile, the Asian population grew by 211% (1,927) but remained a small minority, and the small population of all other races increased by 4% (142).[114]
The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises Central Harlem, had 116,345 inhabitants as of NYC Healths 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.2 years.[2]:2, 20 This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[115]:53 (PDF p. 84) Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 35% are between 25–44, and 24% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively.[2]:2
As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 10 was $49,059.[3] In 2018, an estimated 21% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. Around 12% of residents were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Community District 10 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.[2]:7
Other sections
In 2010, the population of West Harlem was 110,193.[116] West Harlem, consisting of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights, is predominately Hispanic / Latino, while African Americans make up about a quarter of the West Harlem population.[8]
In 2010, the population of East Harlem was 120,000.[117] East Harlem originally formed as a predominantly Italian American neighborhood.[118] The area began its transition from Italian Harlem to Spanish Harlem when Puerto Rican migration began after World War II,[119] though in recent decades, many Dominican, Mexican and Salvadorean immigrants have also settled in East Harlem.[120] East Harlem is now predominantly Hispanic / Latino, with a significant Black presence.[119]
Police and crime
NYPD Police Service Area 6, which serves NYCHA developments in greater Harlem
Central Harlem is patrolled by two precincts of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).[121] Central Harlem North is covered by the 32nd Precinct, located at 250 West 135th Street,[122] while Central Harlem South is patrolled by the 28th Precinct, located at 2271–2289 Eighth Avenue.[123]
The 28th Precinct has a lower crime rate than it did in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 76.0% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 5 murders, 11 rapes, 163 robberies, 235 felony assaults, 90 burglaries, 348 grand larcenies, and 28 grand larcenies auto in 2019.[124] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 28th Precinct had a rate of 1,125 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[125][126][127]
The crime rate in the 32nd Precinct has also decreased since the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 75.7% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 10 murders, 25 rapes, 219 robberies, 375 felony assaults, 110 burglaries, 315 grand larcenies, and 34 grand larcenies auto in 2019.[128] Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 32nd Precinct had a rate of 1,042 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[125][126][127]
As of 2018, Community District 10 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 116 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,347 per 100,000 people, the second-highest in the city, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.[2]:8
In 2019, the highest concentration of both felony assaults in Central Harlem was around the intersection of 125th Street and Malcolm X Boulevard, where there were 25 felony assaults and 18 robberies. The Harlem River Drive by the Ralph J. Rangel Houses was also a hotspot, with 23 felony assaults and 10 robberies.[125]
Crime trends
Harlem Riot of 1964
Main article: Crime in Harlem
In the early 20th century, Harlem was a stronghold of the Italian Mafia. As the ethnic composition of the neighborhood changed, black criminals began to organize themselves similarly. However, rather than compete with the established mobs, gangs concentrated on the "policy racket", also called the numbers game, or bolita in East Harlem. This was a gambling scheme similar to a lottery that could be played, illegally, from countless locations around Harlem. According to Francis Ianni, "By 1925 there were thirty black policy banks in Harlem, several of them large enough to collect bets in an area of twenty city blocks and across three or four avenues."[129]
By the early 1950s, the total money at play amounted to billions of dollars, and the police force had been thoroughly corrupted by bribes from numbers bosses.[130] These bosses became financial powerhouses, providing capital for loans for those who could not qualify for them from traditional financial institutions, and investing in legitimate businesses and real estate. One of the powerful early numbers bosses was a woman, Madame Stephanie St. Clair, who fought gun battles with mobster Dutch Schultz over control of the lucrative trade.[131]
The popularity of playing the numbers waned with the introduction of the state lottery, which is legal but has lower payouts and has taxes collected on winnings.[132] The practice continues on a smaller scale among those who prefer the numbers tradition or who prefer to trust their local numbers bank to the state.
Statistics from 1940 show about 100 murders per year in Harlem, "but rape is very rare".[133] By 1950, essentially all of the whites had left Harlem and by 1960, much of the black middle class had departed. At the same time, control of organized crime shifted from Italian syndicates to local black, Puerto Rican, and Cuban groups that were somewhat less formally organized.[129] At the time of the 1964 riots, the drug addiction rate in Harlem was ten times higher than the New York City average, and twelve times higher than the United States as a whole. Of the 30,000 drug addicts then estimated to live in New York City, 15,000 to 20,000 lived in Harlem. Property crime was pervasive, and the murder rate was six times higher than New Yorks average. Half of the children in Harlem grew up with one parent, or none, and lack of supervision contributed to juvenile delinquency; between 1953 and 1962, the crime rate among young people increased throughout New York City, but was consistently 50% higher in Harlem than in New York City as a whole.[134]
Injecting heroin grew in popularity in Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s, though the use of this drug then leveled off. In the 1980s, use of crack cocaine became widespread, which produced collateral crime as addicts stole to finance their purchasing of additional drugs, and as dealers fought for the right to sell in particular regions, or over deals gone bad.[135]
With the end of the "crack wars" in the mid-1990s, and with the initiation of aggressive policing under mayors David Dinkins and his successor Rudy Giuliani, crime in Harlem plummeted. Compared to in 1981, when 6,500 robberies were reported in Harlem, reports of robberies dropped to 4,800 in 1990; to 1,700 in 2000; and to 1,100 in 2010.[136] Within the 28th and 32nd precincts, there have been similar changes in all categories of crimes tracked by the NYPD.[122][123]
Gangs
There are many gangs in Harlem, often based in housing projects; when one gang member is killed by another gang, revenge violence erupts which can last for years.[137] In addition, the East Harlem Purple Gang of the 1970s, which operated in East Harlem and surroundings, was an Italian American group of hitmen and heroin dealers.[138]
Harlem and its gangsters have a strong link to hip hop, rap and R&B culture in the United States, and many successful rappers in the music industry came from gangs in Harlem.[139] Gangster rap, which has its origins in the late 1980s, often has lyrics that are "misogynistic or that glamorize violence", glamorizing guns, drugs and easy women in Harlem and New York City.[140][139]
Fire safety
Engine Co. 59/Ladder Co. 30
Central Harlem is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:[141]
Engine Co. 37/Ladder Co. 40 – 415 West 125th Street[142]
Engine Co. 58/Ladder Co. 26 – 1367 5th Avenue[143]
Engine Co. 59/Ladder Co. 30 – 111 West 133rd Street[144]
Engine Co. 69/Ladder Co. 28/Battalion 16 – 248 West 143rd Street[145]
Five additional firehouses are located in West and East Harlem. West Harlem contains Engine Co. 47 and Engine Co. 80/Ladder Co. 23, while East Harlem contains Engine Co. 35/Ladder Co. 14/Battalion 12, Engine Co. 53/Ladder Co. 43, and Engine Co. 91.[141]
Health
Preterm and teenage births are more common in Central Harlem than in other places citywide. In Central Harlem, there were 103 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 23 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size.[2]:11 Central Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8%, less than the citywide rate of 12%.[2]:14
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Central Harlem is 0.0079 milligrams per cubic metre (7.9×10−9 oz/cu ft), slightly more than the city average.[2]:9 Ten percent of Central Harlem residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[2]:13 In Central Harlem, 34% of residents are obese, 12% are diabetic, and 35% have high blood pressure, the highest rates in the city—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[2]:16 In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[2]:12
Eighty-four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the citys average of 87%. In 2018, 79% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the citys average of 78%.[2]:13 For every supermarket in Central Harlem, there are 11 bodegas.[2]:10
The nearest major hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem in north-central Harlem.[146][147]
Social factors
The population health of Central Harlem is closely linked to influential social factors on health, also known as social determinants of health, and the impact of structural racism on the neighborhood. The impact of discriminatory policies such as redlining have contributed to residents bearing worse health outcomes in comparison to the average New York city resident. This applies to life expectancy, poverty rates, environmental neighborhood health, housing quality, and childhood and adult asthma rates. Additionally, the health of Central Harlem residents are linked to their experience of racism.[148][149] Public health and scientific research studies have found evidence that experiencing racism creates and exacerbates chronic stress that can contribute to major causes of death, particularly for African-American and Hispanic populations in the United States, like cardiovascular diseases.[149][150][151][152]
Certain health disparities between Central Harlem and the rest of New York City can be attributed to avoidable causes such as substandard housing quality, poverty, and law enforcement violence – all of which are issues identified by the American Public Health Association as key social determinants of health. These deaths that can be attributed to avoidable causes are known as "avertable deaths" of "excess mortality"in public health.[153]
Health problems
Health and housing conditions
Access to affordable housing and employment opportunities with fair wages and benefits are closely associated with good health.[154] Public health leaders have shown that inadequate housing qualities is linked to poor health.[155] As Central Harlem also bears the effects of racial segregation, public health researchers claim that racial segregation is also linked to substandard housing and exposure to pollutants and toxins. These associations have been documented to increase individual risk of chronic diseases and adverse birth outcomes.[110] Historical income segregation via redlining also positions residents to be more exposed to risks that contribute to adverse mental health status, inadequate access to healthy foods, asthma triggers, and lead exposure.[155][154]
Drew Hamilton Houses, a large low-income NYCHA housing project in Central Harlem
Asthma
Asthma is more common in children and adults in Central Harlem, compared to other New York City neighborhoods.[156] The factors that can increase risk of childhood and adult asthma are associated with substandard housing conditions.[157] Substandard housing conditions are water leaks, cracks and holes, inadequate heating, presence of mice or rates, peeling paint and can include the presence of mold, moisture, dust mites.[158] In 2014, Central Harlem tracked worse in regards to home maintenance conditions, compared to the average rates Manhattan and New York City. Twenty percent of homes had cracks or holes; 21% had leaks and 19% had three or more maintenance deficiencies.[156]
Adequate housing is defined as housing that is free from heating breakdowns, cracks, holes, peeling paint and other defects. Housing conditions in Central Harlem reveal that only 37% of its renter-occupied homes were adequately maintained by landlords in 2014. Meanwhile, 25% of Central Harlem households and 27% of adults reported seeing cockroaches (a potential trigger for asthma), a rate higher than the city average. Neighborhood conditions are also indicators of population: in 2014, Central Harlem had 32 per 100,000 people hospitalized due to pedestrian injuries, higher than Manhattans and the citys average.[156]
Additionally, poverty levels can indicate ones risk of vulnerability to asthma. In 2016, Central Harlem saw 565 children aged 5–17 years old per 10,000 residents visiting emergency departments for Asthma emergencies, over twice both Manhattans and the citywide rates. The rate of childhood asthma hospitalization in 2016 was more than twice that of Manhattan and New York City, with 62 hospitalizations per 10,000 residents.[156] Rates of adult hospitalization due to asthma in Central Harlem trends higher in comparison to other neighborhoods. In 2016, 270 adults per 10,000 residents visited the emergency department due to asthma, close to three times the average rates of both Manhattan and New York City.[156]
Other health problems
Health outcomes for men have generally been worse for those for women. Infant mortality was 124 per thousand in 1928, meaning that 12.4% of infants would die.[159] By 1940, infant mortality in Harlem was 5%, and the death rate from disease generally was twice that of the rest of New York. Tuberculosis was the main killer, and four times as prevalent among Harlem citizens than among the rest of New Yorks population.[159]
A 1990 study of life expectancy of teenagers in Harlem reported that 15-year-old girls in Harlem had a 65% chance of surviving to the age of 65, about the same as women in Pakistan. Fifteen-year-old men in Harlem, on the other hand, had a 37% chance of surviving to 65, about the same as men in Angola; for men, the survival rate beyond the age of 40 was lower in Harlem than Bangladesh.[160] Infectious diseases and diseases of the circulatory system were to blame, with a variety of contributing factors, including consumption of the deep-fried foods traditional to the South, which may contribute to heart disease.
Post offices and ZIP Codes
Icahn Medical Institute of the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine
Harlem is located within five primary ZIP Codes. From north to south, they are 10026 (from 110th to 120th Streets), 10027 (from 120th to 133rd Streets), 10037 (east of Lenox Avenue and north of 130th Street), 10030 (west of Lenox Avenue from 133rd to 145th Streets) and 10039 (from 145th to 155th Streets). Harlem also includes parts of ZIP Codes 10031, 10032, and 10035.[161] The United States Postal Service operates five post offices in Harlem:
Morningside Station – 232 West 116th Street[162]
Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex – 365 West 125th Street[163]
College Station – 217 West 140th Street[164]
Colonial Park Station – 99 Macombs Place[165]
Lincoln Station – 2266 5th Avenue[166]
Education
Main article: Education in Harlem
Central Harlem generally has a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city. While 42% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 19% have less than a high school education and 39% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[2]:6 The percentage of Central Harlem students excelling in math rose from 21% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 29% to 37% during the same time period.[167]
Central Harlems rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Central Harlem, 25% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%.[115]:24 (PDF p. 55)[2]:6 Additionally, 64% of high school students in Central Harlem graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.[2]:6
Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Central Harlem:[168]
PS 76 A Phillip Randolph (grades PK-8)[169]
PS 92 Mary Mcleod Bethune (grades PK-5)[170]
PS 123 Mahalia Jackson (grades PK-8)[171]
PS 149 Sojourner Truth (grades PK-8)[172]
PS 154 Harriet Tubman (grades PK-5)[173]
PS 175 Henry H Garnet (grades PK-5)[174]
PS 185 the Early Childhood Discovery and Design Magnet School (grades PK-2)[175]
PS 194 Countee Cullen (grades PK-5)[176]
PS 197 John B Russwurm (grades PK-5)[177]
PS 200 The James Mccune Smith School (grades PK-5)[178]
PS 242 The Young Diplomats Magnet School (grades PK-5)[179]
Stem Institute of Manhattan (grades K-5)[180]
Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School (grades K-5)[181]
The following middle and high schools are located in Central Harlem:[168]
Frederick Douglass Academy (grades 6-12)[182]
Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School (grades 6-12)[183]
Mott Hall High School (grades 9-12)[184]
Thurgood Marshall Academy For Learning And Social Change (grades 6-12)[185]
Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing and Visual Arts (grades 6-12)[186]
Harlem has a high rate of charter school enrollment: a fifth of students were enrolled in charter schools in 2010.[187] By 2017, that proportion had increased to 36%, about the same that attended their zoned public schools. Another 20% of Harlem students were enrolled in public schools elsewhere.[188] In 2016, there were four charter-school enrollment applications for every available seat at a charter school in Manhattan.[189]
Higher education
The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, City College of New York, and Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, in addition to a branch of College of New Rochelle, are all located in Harlem. The Morningside Heights and Manhattanville campuses of Columbia University are located just west of Harlem.
Libraries
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates four circulating branches and one research branch in Harlem, as well as several others in adjacent neighborhoods.
The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, a research branch, is located at 515 Malcolm X Boulevard. It is housed in a Carnegie library structure that opened in 1905, though the branch itself was established in 1925 based on a collectio.
PHOTO acheter ORIGINALE DARTISTE AFRO-AMÉRICAIN 1945 MARTIN JAMES REED NYC HARLEM
